In , two years after Bin Laden's death, Ayman al-Zawahiri wrote in his General Guidelines for Jihad that "the purpose of targeting America is to exhaust her and bleed her to death, so that it meets the fate of the former Soviet Union and collapses under its own weight as a result of its military, human, and financial losses.
Consequently, its grip on our lands will weaken and its allies will begin to fall one after another. Many jihadist groups seek to establish Islamic states in their respective countries of origin, such as Boko Haram in Nigeria and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Other groups want to establish a "caliphate" - governed in accordance with Sharia by God's deputy on Earth khalifa, or caliph - that extends across regions.
Some, like al-Qaeda, want to re-establish the caliphate that once stretched from Spain and North Africa to China and India. Its leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, has vowed to "liberate all occupied Muslim lands and reject each and every international treaty, agreement and resolution which gives the infidels the right to seize Muslim lands", including historic Palestine, Chechnya and Kashmir. IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi also wants to "demolish" the borders established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement, but his group has already acted on this by declaring the creation of a caliphate that stretches across eastern Syria and western Iraq.
Al-Qaeda and IS also differ in their approaches to establishing Islamic rule. Al-Qaeda's has been more long-term, while IS has immediately sought to implement Sharia in its territories. What's the appeal of a caliphate? While there are militant Shia Islamist groups that are jihadist in nature, they differ in many regards to Sunni groups.
According to Shia tradition, mujtahids - the most senior religious scholars - have the authority to declare a "defensive" jihad.
But only the 12th or "hidden" Imam - who Shia believe did not die when he disappeared 1, years ago - can declare an "offensive" jihad. For centuries, most Shia clerics advocated political quietism while they awaited the Imam's return. But that outlook changed in the s and s, giving rise to the activism that culminated in the revolution in Iran and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.
In recent years, the sectarian nature of the conflict in Syria has seen Iranian-backed Shia groups come to the aid of forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad, a member of the heterodox Shia Alawite sect.
The groups and their thousands of "volunteer" fighters - from Iraq, Iran, Lebanon and Yemen - say they are in Syria to defend the key Shia shrine of Sayyida Zaineb in Damascus. Lebanon's Hezbollah movement has described members killed in Syria as martyrs who died "while performing jihadist duties". Specifically, this type of research is used to find opinions, attitudes, and expectations of the people in this study which are used as objects in the research of North Sumatra Islamic students from various universities in North Sumatra about the concept of jihad.
The data of the study were collected through a questionnaire and then the collected data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The nature of research is descriptive-analytical, which is a study that aims to provide an overview of a society or a description of a phenomenon that is then analyzed for all the symptoms Singarimbun: In this study, researchers will describe how the views of North Sumatra Islamic students about the concept of Jihad.
The term jihad which is widely mentioned in the Qur'an and hadith has become one of the issues that are quite inspiring and at the same time controversial both in academic discourse and in the reality of people's lives, not only in the Islamic community but also enough to attract the attention of non-Muslims in various parts of the world.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Table 1. The whole result can be seen in the table above. The result showed that there were 12 questions related to the concept of jihad that answered by respondents.
All the respondents consist of male and female students. It meant that they hear about jihad from Islamic discourse. According to them the correct meaning of jihad related to war is the war against the infidels non-Muslims , and then the war against poverty.
As stated before that the term jihad which is widely mentioned in the Qur'an and hadith has become one of the inspiring and at the same time the most controversial issues both in academic discourse and in the social reality, not only in Islamic communities but also enough to attract the attention of non-Muslims in various parts of the world. On the one hand, jihad offers a lasting and eternal promise of eschatological happiness that must be fought for by all efforts and means, and on the other hand, the reality of jihad also shows an impact or phenomenon that has a quite jerky effect in various human affairs both in its form positive or negative consequences.
In the academic perspective, jihad has various interpretations from the Ulamas such as mentioned above. One of the most interesting is that not anyone of the Ulamas mentioned above directly interpreted the word of jihad as war or battle against the infidels non-Muslims as the first meaning or priority. But from a contemporary perspective, jihad tends to be meant as a war against the no-Muslims as it has been elaborated in this research.
There are some very interesting things to discuss related to the answers of the respondents, among others:.
On the side, I believe that apart from global agitation, of course, greatly influence the views of the respondents related to the concept and application of jihad. Second: conceptually, some of the respondents persons argued that jihad is a war against infidels non-Muslims , and politically there is a need for efforts not only to develop a strategy to increase the quality of Muslims but also to build power facing the non-Muslims. Even, some of the respondents people allowed to seize power from the government, and people argued only the Islamic state can carry out jihad maximally.
From their answers, it can be seen how the concept of jihad has become a negative stigmaof positioning Muslims not only to confront the infidels but also with the government, in this case, the Republic of Indonesia. Epic floods leave South Sudanese to face disease and starvation. Travel 5 pandemic tech innovations that will change travel forever These digital innovations will make your next trip safer and more efficient. But will they invade your privacy? Go Further. Animals Wild Cities This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city.
Animals This frog mysteriously re-evolved a full set of teeth. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Morocco has 3 million stray dogs. Meet the people trying to help. Animals Whales eat three times more than previously thought.
Environment Planet Possible India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big. Environment As the EU targets emissions cuts, this country has a coal problem. Paid Content How Hong Kong protects its sea sanctuaries. History Magazine These 3,year-old giants watched over the cemeteries of Sardinia. Magazine How one image captures 21 hours of a volcanic eruption. Science Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants. The book is easily accessible to the nonspecialist, and is ideal for use in an upper-level undergraduate topics course in Middle Eastern and Islamic history or Islamic religious thought.
Bonner's work is also a useful primer for specialists which does not sacrifice quality for brevity. The author is to be commended for having provided an accessible, broad historical survey of the mercurial term 'jihad' and its deployment over time.
Both the specialist and the nonspecialist will benefit from this study. This slim book is not exhaustive in its approach, nor does it claim to be. But it asks all the right questions and broadly indicates the directions in which future scholarship on jihad as both an institution and a multivalent concept may fruitfully venture. It also includes a useful bibliography and index. The author should be congratulated for his thoughtful and stimulating contribution to the contemporary discourse on the Islamic concept of Jihad, warfare and peace.
0コメント