An essential nutrient has critical functions in your body, but your body can't synthesize it, so it much be obtained in your diet. Essential nutrients cannot be made in the body.
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Recently, because regular physical exercise is associated with multiple health benefits related reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, regular exercise is promoted in populations.
Thus, the body turnover or requirements of micronutrients by regular physical exercise have become an important area of investigation. Direct evidence demonstrating that exercise training affects body turnover or loss of thiamin and riboflavin has been limited.
In addition, despite the remarkable role of thiamin and riboflavin in energy turnover during exercise, the interaction between exercise and vitamins is poorly described in the literature. Therefore, the goals of this study were as follows: 1 to determine whether exercise training affects urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin and 2 to determine whether there is an association or compensation in urinary excretion between thiamin and riboflavin.
Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats Daehanbiolink Co. The AIN diet contained 5. The vitamin intakes thiamin and riboflavin of rats were calculated with the amount of feeding and the composition of the diet.
Rats were forced to exercise using light electric shocks if they did not engage themselves in running on the treadmill [ 11 ]. No deaths occurred during or after exercise in the ET group. Urinary vitamin concentrations were measured by HPLC with fluorometric detection for thiamin [ 12 ] and riboflavin [ 13 ]. The recoveries of added thiamin and riboflavin from urine were Detection limits of the assays were 0.
In this study, all urine samples for each vitamin were extracted in duplicate. In addition, differences between the NT and EX groups were determined using t-test.
Pearson's correlations coefficients were calculated to determine correlations between intake and urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association of urinary thiamin and urinary riboflavin excretions by regular exercise training after adjustment for body weight and feed intake. At 0 week, no significant difference in body weight was observed between the NT and ET groups; however, at the 3 rd and 5 th weeks, body weights of the NT group were higher than those of the ET group, respectively Table 1.
However, no significant differences in thiamin and riboflavin intake as well as feed intake and feed efficiency ratio were observed at each week. Effect of regular exercise training on body weight, feed intake, and thiamin and riboflavin intakes. Urinary thiamin excretion was increased over time in each group, and the highest excretion was observed at the 5 th week compared to the levels at 0 and 3 rd week Fig. Thiamin level at the 5 th week was significantly lower in the ET group than in the NT group.
Although no significant difference of urinary riboflavin excretion was observed between the NT and ET groups at each week, riboflavin excretions were increased by training duration Fig.
The effect of regular exercise training on the urinary excretion of thiamin. The effect of regular exercise training on the urinary excretion of riboflavin. There were no significant differences of urine riboflavin between groups at 0, 3 rd , and 5 th week. At 0 and 3 rd week, no significant relationships were observed between dietary intake and urinary excretion of thiamin Fig 3.
The effect of regular exercise training on the relations between the intake and urinary excretion of thiamin. The effect of regular exercise training on the relations between the intake and urinary excretion of riboflavin.
Table 2 shows the relationships of urinary thiamin and riboflavin in rats after adjustment for body weight and feed intake. At 0 week, no relations were observed between thiamin and riboflavin excretions. At the 3 rd week, urinary thiamin excretion showed a significant increase with riboflavin excretion only in the NT group. Urinary thiamin excretions were significantly increased by increased urinary riboflavin excretion in the NT and ET groups at the 5 th week.
This study showed that moderate exercise training affected the urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin and had a positive effect on the utilization of vitamins. The most valuable marker for assessing nutritional status is the measurement of vitamins in tissues and in the circulation; however, an alternative approach, but with obvious practical limitations, is the measurement of urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin, which is a simple reflection of an excess of current intake over tissue requirement.
This approach has provided useful information regarding tissue saturation [ 14 , 15 , 16 ] under the circumstance of optimum nutritional status for thiamin and riboflavin. Thus, urinary vitamin excretion has been used as a biomarker for evaluation of vitamin status [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].
Urinary losses decrease when vitamin stores decrease. Woolf and Manore [ 3 ] reviewed the possibilities that regular physical activity may alter the requirements for some micronutrients.
First, the metabolic pathways that produce energy are stressed during physical exercise, thus requirements for some of the nutrients used in these pathways may increase. Second, biochemical adaptations that occur with training in the tissues of the body may increase requirements. Third, exercise may also increase the turnover or loss of a particular micronutrient in sweat, urine, or feces.
Finally additional micronutrients may be required for repair and maintenance of the higher lean tissue mass of some active individuals. In addition, regular physical exercise increases oxygen availability to the skeletal muscle due to myoglobin formation, increased muscle capillarization, increase in the size and number of mitochondria, and increase in aerobic enzyme levels and activity. In this study, the level of urinary excretion of thiamin was increased with passage of time in both the non-exercise training and exercise training group, but the extent of increase with time was less in the exercise training group compared to the non-exercise training group.
These results suggest that biochemical adaptations that occur with exercise training in the tissues of the body might increase requirements for thiamin and excrete less thiamin in urine.
It is not known whether thiamin coenzymes are catabolized and excreted or whether they are recycled after metabolic utilization.
Exercise training has not been shown to alter the level of erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient, a biochemical measure for thiamin status, in active individuals [ 20 ], however, endurance training subjects showed significantly lower plasma thiamin levels before and after exercise and decreased lactate levels during exercise [ 21 ].
Thiamin requirement is related to energy consumption particularly that derived from carbohydrate. In animal models, chronic exercise has been attributed a key role in tissue homeostasis, associated with increased aerobic metabolism. In previous reports, moderate exercise training resulted in animal's adapting to storage of more glycogen and reduced glycogen depletion for one hour and facilitating the mobilization and oxidation of fat and delayed onset of fatigue associated with low lactate levels [ 11 , 22 , 23 ] and thiamin derivative decreased oxidation of exogenous glucose at rest, but not during exercise [ 24 ].
Although no relations were observed between dietary intake and urinary excretion of thiamin at 0 week and 3 rd week, positive associations of intake and urinary excretion at the 5 th week were observed in the non-exercise training and exercise training groups.
However, compared to the non-exercise training group, exercise training groups showed lower associations at the 5 th week. Since the urinary vitamin levels reflect the previous several days of intake rather than one day of intake [ 25 ], the lowered associations between urinary excretion and dietary intake at the 5 th week in the exercise training group might be the consequence of the exercise training.
Regular exercise training increases muscle mass and decreases body fat deposition; thus, body composition may be different by exercise training despite no significant differences in total body weight [ 26 , 27 ]. In this study, more thiamin might be required for muscle tissue saturation as muscle tissue was increased in the exercise training group compared to the non-exercise training group.
Also, as mentioned above, the consequence of reduced glycogen depletion with lower lactate level by exercise might induce the lower increase in urinary excretion of thiamin in the exercise training group.
Riboflavin may play an important role in exercise-induced biochemical adaptions [ 28 , 29 ]. Regular exercise promotes riboflavin accumulation [ 27 ] and FAD-dependent enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase in muscle tissue [ 28 ]. Some studies have demonstrated a moderate rise in erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient, a biochemical measure for riboflavin status, as well as a decrease in urinary riboflavin excretion with an increase in physical activity [ 6 , 30 , 31 ].
In this study, no significant difference in dietary riboflavin intakes was observed between non-exercise training and exercise training groups. Thus, theoretically, urinary riboflavin excretion of the exercise training group should be affected by exercise training. However, in the current study, although the level of urinary excretion of riboflavin was increased with passage of time in both the non-exercise training and exercise training groups, the extent of increase in the exercise training group did not differ significantly from that of the non-exercise training group throughout the study.
Both the non-exercise training group and exercise training group showed no associations until the 5 th week and weak associations were determined between urinary excretion and dietary intake.
The results of this experiment showed that the incorporation of furosemide in the diet was associated with a dose-dependent increase in urine volume. This was detected at the first urine collection and remained unchanged throughout the experiment. This has also been reported in other experiments with rats receiving similar or higher doses of furosemide However, in this study, in accordance with Modena et al.
The poor growth associated with the diuretic in this study was due to a combination of reduced food intake and a reduction in feed efficiency.
Although the rats receiving the diuretic were smaller, their body composition expressed as the percentage of water, ash, lipids and carbohydrates was not different from the controls. This indicates that their lower weight was not simply related to dehydration. It appears that the diuretic, in addition to causing reduced food intake, limited the conversion of food into new tissue.
One reason for this limitation could have been the increased urinary losses of the nutrients consumed. This finds support in the observation that the greater the urine volume, the less the net content of body protein and body lipids found in the furosemide-fed rats. The administration of the diuretic was associated with increased urinary losses of all the metabolites we measured and these losses were proportional to urine volume. The nutrient that was affected the most was magnesium followed in order by phosphorous, nitrogen, sodium, zinc, potassium and the fat-soluble vitamin retinol.
Examining the shape of the curves describing the relationship between urine volume and the urinary losses of all these nutrients, it became apparent that the losses occurred at all the concentrations of furosemide used. The largest effect, however, was seen at the lowest level of urine volume, which corresponded to the lowest dose of the diuretic. Also, the fact that furosemide affected all the metabolites in a somewhat similar manner suggests that its effect may be more related to the polyuria it causes rather than to its specific properties as opposed to other diuretics.
This assumption agrees with the observations of Rieck et al. They also are in line with the observations of Lubetsky et al. Comparing the nutrient and electrolyte losses associated with the administration of the diuretic with the intake of these same compounds, it is seen that the losses were important in magnitude since in most cases the diuretic almost doubled the fraction of the intake that was lost in the urine. In addition, these increased losses had consequences, since there was a tendency for the body reserves of all the measured compounds to decrease as the urine volume and the diuretic intake increased.
This indicates that individuals using diuretics may have higher nutrient requirements than those who do not. It is interesting that this may apply not only to water-soluble electrolytes and micronutrients as has been shown before 14, , but also to the macronutrients and liposoluble vitamins.
This is because we found increased losses of nitrogen and retinol in the urine together with a tendency for lower body protein and lipids. Also we noted a lower liver content of both vitamin A and vitamin E in the rats receiving the diuretic.
Although in this study the diuretic increased urinary losses of vitamin A, this increment was much lower than the urinary retinol losses seen by Alvarez et al. A point that should be addressed in regard to the possible nutritional implications of furosemide is the dose of the diuretic used. The usual therapeutic dose of this diuretic in hypertensive patients falls in the range of 40mg to mg once or twice a day 9 or approximately 0. Hovewer, patients with severe congestion of the lungs, liver, and spleen, as well as ascites, pleural effusions and peripheral edema associated with heart failure are treated with high doses of diuretics Edema associated with heart failure is a problem that affects a large number of people.
In these patients, the administration of 0. High doses of furosemide 6. The studied subjects used this diuretic in order to control weight or edema, and they used for 3 to 28 years From the previous analysis it is apparent that compared with the lowest dose used for the treatment of hypertension in humans, the rats studied here consumed from 56 to times more furosemide but for a much shorter time.
However, the doses used in this study, did not greatly exceed the doses used in humans with renal or congestive heart failure or the amounts consumed by adult furosemide abusers. Therefore, the doses we administered may be used to evaluate the effect of this diuretic on nutritional status in longer-term studies. In general, this study indicates that furosemide utilization may result in a deterioration of nutritional status including both the macro and the micronutrients. Based on the results of this study, it appears that individuals receiving high doses of this diuretic for long periods of time should pay special attention to dietary intake of all essential nutrients.
This is important because it has been observed that older patients with congestive heart failure do not fulfill their daily nutritional requirements of thiamin Also, this recommendation agrees with the results of Ali and Al-Qaravi, 16 who reversed thiamin deficiency in furosemide-treated rats with thiamin supplements.
The recommendation is also in line with the results of Shimon et al. The results of this study suggest that not only thiamin but also the rest of the essential nutrients including the macronutrients and the fat soluble vitamins, merit careful attention. Studies in humans and further studies with animals appear to be needed to determine what nutritional precautions need to be taken when the use of diuretics is recommended.
In general, this study, together with our studies on the effect of diarrhea on fecal nutrient losses, indicates the following: in order to maximize the utilization of dietary nutrients, adequate intestinal absorption as well proper renal reabsorption are required. This is so because diarrhea reduces nutrient absorption and high diuresis reduces nutrient retention. Servicios Personalizados Revista. Similares en SciELO. FIGURE 1 Relationship between urine volume x and urinary nitrogen, magnesium or retinol y in rats receiving increasing concentration of furosemide in the diet.
TABLE 2 Percent of the nutrient and electrolyte consumed that was excreted in a 24 h urine sample of rats receiving increasing concentrations of dietary furosemide 1. FIGURE 2 Relationship between urine volume x and total body protein, total body fat or total body potassium y in rats receiving increasing concentrations of furosemide in the diet. Mitchell HH. A method for determining the biological value of protein.
In well fed young rats lactose induced chronic diarrhea reduces the apparent absorption of vitamin A and E and affects preferentially vitamin E status. Journal of Nutrition ; Rasool A, Palevsky PM.
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